Activity 3: Common Molecules, Structures and Names

Questions/Activities:
1. Post a picture of three 3-dimensional Ball and Stick molecular models(choose your three favorite molecules) that you have created with common items around your home. Also post a molecular structure image(image from the web, of either a Kekule Structure or a Ball and Stick Model) and the IUPAC name of the molecule. 


Key to Colors
Pink is Carbon
Yellow is Hydrogen
Green is Oxygen

Propane C3H8

Propane Molecular Structure

Ethonal or Ethyl Alcohol C2H60

Molecular Structure of Ethonal

Carbon Dioxide CO2

Molecular Structure of Carbon Dioxide

2. Post an image from the web, the chemical systematic (IUPAC) name, common name, and the molecule formula for 20 chemicals that you use or eat. Explore the ingredients of things like cosmetics and foods.

 After Shave (IUPAC Name: Potassium Alum) KAl(SO4)2

 Aluminum Foil (IUPAC Name: Aluminum) Al

 Baking Soda (IUPAC Name: Sodium Bicarbonate) NaHCO3

Bleach (IUPAC Name: Sodium Hypochlorite) NaOCl

Borax (IUPAC Name: Sodium Borate) Na2[B4O5(OH)4]x8H20

Bug Spray (IUPAC Name: Octadecanoic Acid) C18H36O2

Hair Dye (IUPAC Name: Diaminobenzine) C6H4(NH2)2

Rubbing Alcohol (IUPAC Name: Isopropal Alcohol) C3H8O

Lighter Fluid (IUPAC Name: Butane) C4H10

Nail Polish Remover (IUPAC Name: Acetone) (CH3)2CO

Propane Gas (IUPAC Name: Propane) C3H8

Salt (IUPAC Name: Sodium Chloride) NaCl

Shampoo (IUPAC Name: Galaxolide) C18H26O

Shaving Cream (IUPAC Name:Glycerol) C3H8O3

Starch (IUPAC: Glucose) C6H12O6

Sugar (IUPAC Name: Sucrose) C12H22O11

SunScreen (IUPAC Name: Qxybenzone) C14H12O3

Vegetable Oil  (IUPAC Name: Octadeconoic Acid) C18H36O2

Vineger (IUPAC Name: Acetic Acid) CH3CO2H

Water (IUPAC Name: Oxidane) H20 

3. Look over your molecules and the bonding characteristics, how many bonds does each of the following elements typically have?  Carbon? Hydrogen? Oxygen?
Typically that i have seen the normal for a bond is single, but when looking online and such i have found that double bonds occur more with Carbon and Oxygen.
4. What does IUPAC stand for?
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

5. As you explore ingredients, notice how everything around us is made up of chemicals consisting of atoms bound together into molecules.  But what about companies that claim their products are chemical free! How can this be?  Here is an example: 

http://www.naturalhealthcareproducts.com/Cleaning-Products.php
Do a little web searching and propose what chemicals are actually in this product. Keep in mind, that everything at the molecular level is a chemical, whether it be made in nature or in a lab.


As i was searching the web i found countless sights that claimed to have chemical free products. I knew by what i have learned so far in this class that no matter what everything in the world is a chemical at some level. After searching for a while i found an article from http://www.thesmartmama.com/no-such-thing-as-chemical-free-in-cleaning-beauty-products-really-really-really/ This article is explaining that no product can be chemical free because even water is a chemical. Below is a excerpt that they article has about a chemical that is claiming to be chemical free with a list of its ingredients.

So, if a product contains water, it contains a chemical. If it contains propylene glycol, it contains a chemical.

But, lately, I have seen a TON of products claiming to be chemical free. TakeBlue Lizard’s Baby Sunscreen. It claims it is chemical free and fragrance free. Yet, here are the ingredients:

Active Ingredients: Zinc Oxide (10%), Titanium Dioxide (5%)

Inactive Ingredients: Water Purified, Ethylhexyl Palmitate, C12 15 Alkyl Benzoate, Ethylhexyl Stearate, Polyglyceryl 4 Isostearate, Cetyl PEG/PPG 10/1 Dimethicone, Hexyl Laurate, Propylene Glycol, Cetyl Dimethicone, Trimethylated Silica/Dimethicone, Octyldodecyl Neopentanoate, VP/Hexadecene Copolymer, Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 7 Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Sorbitol Oleate, Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Beeswax (Apis Mellifera), Stearic Acid, Methylparaben, Propylparaben, Ethylparaben, Disodium EDTA, Diazolidinyl Urea, Tocopheryl Acetate

Take a close look at the ingredients. Does that really seem chemical free to you? So the two active ingredients – although naturally occurring minerals – they are chemicals. Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide are both chemicals. (Although in sunscreens, they work by providing a barrier, as opposed to chemical sunscreens.)

The first inactive ingredient – water – is a chemical. Water is H20. Always. So it is a chemical.

Then we can pick on all the other synthetic ingredients too.

It has skin penetrants – the PEG/PPG ingredients. It has lots and lots of petroleum based ingredients, such as propylene glycol. And it has 2 parabens, something many individuals are avoiding.

So if you see a beauty or household cleaning product claiming to be chemical free, be wary. If the company is going to make that blatantly false a claim, then what else is it doing?

If the company is claiming all natural ingredients, or no harsh chemicals or something similar, that is a different issue. It may well be true – it all depends on your definition since “all natural” and “no harsh chemicals” are not legal or regulated terms.

But chemical free? That is just a lie. Unless the company is selling you absolutely nothing. Because even water is a chemical.

Don’t be fooled. Even natural products must contain chemicals.

And, by the way, natural doesn’t mean safer by any stretch of the imagination. Arsenic and lead both are natural.

Activity 2: Atom and Atomic Structure

Questions

Beryllium - 4 Protons, 4 Neutrons, 5 Electrons

Carbon - 6 Protons, 6 Neutrons, 6 Electrons

Oxygen 8 Protons, 8 Neutrons and 8 Electrons

1: What is the atomic number for each of your models?
Oxygen:8
Beryllium:4
Carbon: 6
2. What is the atomic mass number for each of your models?
Oxygen: 15.994
Beryllium: 5.01262
Carbon:12.0107
3. In your models, which two subatomic particles are equal in number?
Protons and neutrons have the same amount of particles in an atom.
4.How would you make an isotope for one of your models? What would change with the model?
You can make an isotope for any atom by changing the number of neutrons that the atom has. When creating an isotope the number of protons stays the same, while the number of neutrons changes.
5. Considering the overall volume of your element models, what makes up most of the volume of an atom?
The volume is mostly made up of the Electrons, the protons and neutrons in the nucleus are such a small part of the atom that they don;t take up much space; where as the electrons are essentially orbiting the nucleus because of a positive force. The greater the charge of the nucleus the smaller the volume of the atom will be because the electrons are being pulled in closer to the nucleus.
6. For one of your models show with another image what happens when energy excites an electron.

Excited oxygen, one of the electrons have moved to a higher level of energy.

7. Once the electron is excited, what do we typically observe when the electron returns to the ground-state?
The electron jumps to a higher energy orbital level when they absorb energy they drop down to a lower orbital when the energy is released. The energy is given off is called a photon, or a particle that represents the light or other electromagnetic radiation. The photon or giving off of light helps the atom re-stabilize and get back to its regular energy level. So essentially the atom gives off some sort of energy as light or heat to get rid of the extra energy to get itself back to normal.
8. Why are some elements different colors when they are excited?
Each element has a different number of valence electrons, when an atom either takes in a photon or gets rid of a photon it is jumping energy levels. When a photon is being released the atom must release energy. Like stated in my answer to question 7, when an atom is trying to get rid of energy it emits some sort of light or heat. When an atom emits light it will show the color of their dominant wavelength. Different atoms will show the color of their dominant wavelength. Different atoms will show at different wavelengths.
9. With the Fourth of July coming up quickly, explain how the colors of fireworks arise.
To start, fireworks need an oxygen-producer, fuel, binder, and color producer. There are two main parts in the color production in fireworks; Incandescence and Luminescence. Incandescence is light produced from heat, which causes the substance to become hot and glow. When the temperature of a firework is controlled the glow of it can be manipulated to the color you want, depending on the temperature and the timing that you have. Different metals, such as aluminum, magnesium, and titanium burn very brightly and are useful for increasing the temperature of a firework. Luminescence in the light produced using energy sources other than heat. This is what we were talking about in previous questions with an atom becoming excited and giving light from releasing the photons to re-stabilize the energy. When the electron return to a lower energy state the energy is released as a photon, the energy of a photon determines the wavelength or color. Below is a chart that i found online of the different elements used to make the colors of fireworks.

Color	Compound
Red	strontium salts, lithium salts lithium carbonate, Li2CO3 = red strontium carbonate, SrCO3 = bright red
Orange	calcium salts calcium chloride, CaCl2 calcium sulfate, CaSO4·xH2O, where x = 0,2,3,5
Gold	incandescence of iron (with carbon), charcoal, or lampblack
Yellow	sodium compounds sodium nitrate, NaNO3 cryolite, Na3AlF6
Electric White	white-hot metal, such as magnesium or aluminum barium oxide, BaO
Green	barium compounds + chlorine producer barium chloride, BaCl+ = bright green
Blue	copper compounds + chlorine producer copper acetoarsenite (Paris Green), Cu3As2O3Cu(C2H3O2)2 = blue copper (I) chloride, CuCl = turquoise blue
Purple	mixture of strontium (red) and copper (blue) compounds
Silver	burning aluminum, titanium, or magnesium powder or flakes

10. Explain the overall organizational structure of the periodic table.

The structure of the periodic table starts by listing the elements in increasing atomic number. The main body of the table is 18 by 7, with gaps to keep elements with similar properties together, such as the halogens and the noble gases. The periodic table below shows areas of the table in different colors. The colors represent the different groups that they have in the table. The groups are there to help predict the properties of various elements and relations between properties.

11. List two example elements for each of these groups or classes: Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth, Halogens, Noble Gases, Transition Metals, Non-Metals, and Metalloid.

Alkali Metals

1. Lithium

2.Sodium

Alkaline Earth

1.Calcium

2. Beryllium

Halogens

1.Florine

2.Chlorine

Noble Gases

1.Helium

2.Neon

Transition Metals

1.Iron

2.Nickle

Non-Metals

1.Carbon

2.Oxygen

Metalloid

1.Silicon

2.Polonium

Activity 1: Scientific Method/States of Matter

Throughout this experiment i will be determining if hot or cold water will boil and freeze faster. I also will be determining if salt water will freeze faster than regular water. In order to properly figure out the answer i will do each experiment three times, to get repeatable results.

Problem 1: Does hot water or cold water freeze first?

Hypothesis: I predict in this experiment i will find that cold water will freeze faster than hot water because the temperature of the cold water is closer to waters freezing point than the hot water.

Materials:
1. Freezer
2. 1 Cup Measuring Cup
3. Sharpie Marker
4. 2 18oz plastic cups
5. Clock for timer
6. Masking Tape

Controlled Variables:
1. Same amounts of water each time
2. Used same freezer
3. Used same size cups

Procedure for Experiment:
1. Take the two plastic cups and label them with the tape and marker. One cup being hot water, one being cold water.
2. Measure out 1 cup of hot water and place the water in the plastic cup labeled hot water.
3. Measure out 1 cup of cold water and place the water in the plastic cup labeled cold water.
4. Place the two cups of water into the freezer
5. Every 15 minutes check the cups to see if ice has formed
6. Use the data you gathered to determine if the hot water or the cold water froze first.
7. Repeat steps 2-6 two more times to make sure you have accurate results.

Pictures of Experiment:

Cups in freezer

Data:

Trial	First to have Ice
Trial 1	Cold Water
Trial 2	Cold Water
Trial 3	Cold Water

Theory: In all three trials the cold water froze first because the temperature of the cold water is closer to the freezing point of water than the hot water its. Hot water needs to cool far more degrees than the cold water does so it takes longs.

Problem 2: Does hot water or cold water boil first?

Hypothesis: I predict in this experiment that i will find that hot water is going to boil faster because its temperature is closer to waters boiling point than cold water will be. The molecules of the hot water will be moving faster than those of the cold water.

Materials:
1. Stove and kettles
2. 1 Cup Measuring Cup
3. Clock for timer

Controlled Variables:
1. Same amounts of water each time
2. Used same stove and kettle
3. Same temperature to heat water

Procedure for Experiment:
1. Measure out 1 cup of hot water and place the water in the kettle on the stove. Turn the heat on to the HI setting.
2. Record the time of how long it takes the water to start boiling.
3. Empty contents of kettle and wait for kettle to cool.
4. Measure out 1 cup of cold water and place the water in the kettle on the stove.
5. Record the time of how long it takes the water to start boiling.
6. Compare the two sets of date you have, one for cold water and one for hot water. Determine which boiled faster.
7. Repeat steps 1-6 two more times to get accurate results.

Pictures of Experiment:

Cold Water Boiling First

Cold Water and Hot Water, You can see
the cold water boiling first

Trial 2 Cold Water boiling first

Water boiling

Data:

Water	Time
Trial 1
Hot	1:59
Cold	2:40
Trial 2
Hot	2:24
Cold	2:51
Trial 3
Hot	2:33
Cold	3:00

Theory: The hot water's temperature is closer to waters boiling point than the cold waters temperature this is why after all three trials the hot water boiled faster, even though cold water boiled soon after. Hot water has a head start to get to boiling than the cold.

Problem 3: Does salt water or regular water freeze first?

Hypothesis: I predict in this experiment that the regular water will freeze first, salt changes the properties of the water and makes it harder for it to freeze. This is because salt breaks down ice, which is why people use it on their sidewalks in the winter to melt ice. With the salt in the water i do think that it will take longer for the water to freeze because the salt is working against the ice.


Materials:
1. Freezer
2. 1 Cup Measuring Cup
3. Salt
4. 2 18oz plastic cups
5. Clock for timer
6. Masking Tape
7. Sharpie Marker


Controlled Variables:
1. Same amounts of water each time
2. Used same freezer
3. Used same size cups

Procedure for Experiment:
1. Take the two plastic cups and label them with the tape and marker. One cup being salt water, one being regular water.
2. Measure out 1 cup of water and place it in the plastic cup labeled salt water. Add 1 Tsp of salt and mix it in with the water.
3. Measure out 1 cup of  water and place the water in the plastic cup labeled regular water.
4. Place the two cups of water into the freezer
5. Let the cups sit in freezer for 45 minutes then check every 5 minutes for ice. Be sure to not open the freezer in the 45 minutes that way you do not warm the water. Record data when ice forms.
6. Use the data you gathered to determine if the salt water or the regular water froze first.
7. Repeat steps 2-6 two more times to make sure you have accurate results.

Pictures of Experiment:

Cups in freezer 

Data:

Trial	First to have Ice
Trial 1	Regular Water
Trial 2	Regular Water
Trial 3	Regular Water

Theory: The regular water froze first because the salt changed the properties of the water, with the salt mixed with the water it froze slower than the regular water.


Other Information:
Hot and Cold Water atoms while in motion:

Water Atom:

The 3 states of matter of water:

3 Paragraphs

Everything in this world has molecules, and these molecules are always moving. The only thing that differs between how the molecules are moving in the different states of matter is the temperature. Water has three states of matter solid (ice), liquid (room temperate or normal water), and gas (steam or heated water). When water is cooled the atoms slow down and freeze into a regular pattern, while when the water is heated the atoms get faster and move more irregularly.          


  In my experiment for this activity I had the goal of answering the three questions. To answer the first question if cold or hot water will freeze first; to do this I placed hot water in one solo cup and cold water in another. I checked the cups every 15 minutes to see when ice was forming. I found in this experiment that cold water froze first in all three trials I did. In conclusion for this experiment I found that cold water will freeze faster than hot water because the cold waters temperature is closer to the freezing point than hot water so it will form ice faster. To answer the second question if hot or cold water boiled first, to answer this question I boiled and timed how long it took to get both the hot and cold water to boil. I found that in all 3 trials the hot water boiled first, this can be explained with a similar explanation to question one. Because the temperature of the hot water is closer to the boiling point than cold water the hot water will get to the boiling point faster.. Question three was asking if regular water or salt water will freeze first. To find the answer to this question I took two solo cups and filled one with regular water and one with the same temperature of water but added one tablespoon of salt and mixed it in. I found that the regular water froze first in all three trials. This is explained because salt changes the properties of water and makes it harder for ice to form.


Both of the first two experiments are related to the real world because these tips are very useful in the kitchen. Knowing what temperature water will freeze and boil first is a great piece of information to know to save you time when you are busy and needing to cook a meal. The third experiment can be linked to the real world by looking at the one main thing that is used in Wisconsin to fight ice on the roads, salt. People use salt on the roads, sidewalks, and even when cooking to change the properties of the water to get the desired effect that they want.